"Evolutionary selection of enzymatically synthesized semiconductors from biomimetic mineralization vesicles". L. A. Bawazer, M. Izumi, D. Kolodin, J. R. Neilson, B. Schwenzer, D. E. Morse. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. In press. DOI:
The way nature evolves and sculpts materials using proteins inspires new
approaches to materials engineering but is still
not completely understood. Here, we present a
cell-free synthetic biological platform to advance studies of
biologically synthesized
solid-state materials. This platform is capable of
simultaneously exerting many of the hierarchical levels of control found
in natural biomineralization, including genetic,
chemical, spatial, structural, and morphological control, while
supporting
the evolutionary selection of new mineralizing
proteins and the corresponding genetically encoded materials that they
produce.
DNA-directed protein expression and enzymatic
mineralization occur on polystyrene microbeads in water-in-oil
emulsions, yielding
synthetic surrogates of biomineralizing cells that
are then screened by flow sorting, with light-scattering signals used to
sort the resulting mineralized composites
differentially. We demonstrate the utility of this platform by
evolutionarily selecting
newly identified silicateins, biomineralizing
enzymes previously identified from the silica skeleton of a marine
sponge, for
enzyme variants capable of synthesizing silicon
dioxide (silica) or titanium dioxide (titania) composites. Mineral
composites
of intermediate strength are preferentially
selected to remain intact for identification during cell sorting, and
then to
collapse postsorting to expose the encoding genes
for enzymatic DNA amplification. Some of the newly selected silicatein
variants
catalyze the formation of crystalline silicates,
whereas the parent silicateins lack this ability. The demonstrated
bioengineered
route to previously undescribed materials
introduces in vitro enzyme selection as a viable strategy for mimicking
genetic
evolution of materials as it occurs in nature.
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